Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 3: 20. Courtesy of Kentucky Native Plant Society. Scanned by Omnitek Inc.
Sunset®: All zones
USDA: 4-9
Heat Tolerance: Questionable in the low deserts
Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial sun
Origin: Eastern and Midwestern United States
Growth Habits: Deciduous shade tree, rapid growth to 60 feet tall (18 m) by 40 feet wide (12 m)
Watering Needs: Prefers moist, slightly acidic soils
Propagation: Rooted stem cuttings, seeds
Propagation: Seed or occasionally cutting, grafting/budding
- by softwood stem tip cuttings, in early summer. Apply IBA TALC 8000 PPM. Use intermittent mist.
- by cleft grafts, in summer.
- by seeds, in spring. Germinates at 70-85 degrees F. The seeds can be harvested in summer. The seeds need 40F for 2mo.. The usual germination temperature is 70-85 degrees F.
Robert H. Mohlenbrock. USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln, NE.
The species epithet 'nigra' comes from the Latin for "black", referring to its bark color.
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